Last updated August 27th, 2025.
Officially, Vietnam remains one of the few communist countries left on earth.
Yet over the past few decades, this rapidly growing nation of over 100 million people has become a capitalist powerhouse.
The Vietnamese government realized a state-controlled economy wouldn’t effectively ride Southeast Asia’s wave of growth. Nor would it take full advantage of an ongoing foreign investment influx and the Vietnam’s rising middle class.
So, Vietnam took steps to ensure a smooth transfer of control from the state into the hands of private business owners. It hasn’t always been easy, though.
A brief history of the Vietnamese economy would cover the nation’s extremely high GDP growth rate, often exceeding 8% annually in the late 1980s and 1990s following the war.
Growth fell below 7% on average by the 2010s. While this still ranked Vietnam among Asia’s best-performing countries, it didn’t quite meet analyst expectations.
Looking way back at a 2005 report by Goldman Sachs, Vietnam’s economy was predicted to become the world’s 35th largest economy, with a per capita GDP of $4,357 by 2020.
Vietnam’s GDP per capita is at about US$4,500 nowadays, arguably meeting that goal.
It’s an impressive feat, considering how the world’s economy was severely hit by travel restrictions that year, something Goldman Sachs surely couldn’t foresee.
Vietnam’s economy isn’t doing poorly by any means, either. It’s one of the ASEAN region’s top performers besides Cambodia and the Philippines (and sometimes, Indonesia).
More so than that, Vietnam’s economy avoided every single recession in the past 30 years.
They sustained positive GDP growth during every single one, from the Asian Financial Crisis to the US-China Trade War. It’s also one of the few countries benefiting from said war.
This rare type of long-term recession avoidance is an excellent sign of Vietnam’s stability and a claim that only a handful of countries can make.
Does all this really make Vietnam immune from the rest of the world’s crises, though? Likewise, can its economy remain the strongest in Asia? Let’s take a look.
Multinational firms, including Nike, Samsung, and hundreds of others, are setting up operations in Vietnam. Not only to produce goods, but also to sell them locally to the nation’s growing consumer class.
The Most Capitalist, Communist Country on Earth?
Vietnam tends to exceed the world economy’s highs and miss its lows. Nonetheless, it’s fully integrated with the global market and isn’t completely immune to crisis.
As a rising manufacturing power and one of the top places to invest in Asia, Vietnam has an economy that relies on the large amount of FDI it receives.
Vietnam’s economy lost some hype between contagion and travel bans over the years. Fortunately, the investment appeal isn’t gone by any means.
You may already know that factories are moving out of China and into nearby countries for political and economic reasons. Vietnam is among the top beneficiaries of this trend.
Not only does Vietnam outcompete China on labor costs and bureaucracy, but the fact that they share a land border makes it easy to relocate existing operations between the two from a logistics perspective.
Vietnam’s stock market is sizable and growing, with about 400 publicly listed companies on the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE) and a market cap above US$250 billion.
Furthermore, Vietnam has shown signs that they could open to foreign freehold property ownership in the future. Currently, it’s only possible to lease land from the state long-term.
The government has taken concrete steps to make real estate investment easier, though, allowing foreigners married to Vietnamese citizens to own freehold property. Laws will probably get easier going forward.
Biggest Risks to Vietnam’s Economy
Vietnam has something they must deal with while the global economy is in shambles.
It’s perhaps an unnecessary problem, but it remains a significant obstacle to growth. State-owned enterprises dominate much of the Vietnamese economy.
Such businesses, which the government either partially or fully controls, are simply less efficient than private firms.
You’ll find plenty of peer-reviewed research studies and other evidence that prove private companies are way more profitable than state-controlled firms on average.
A developing country often doesn’t care too much about efficiency, though. It’s simply not their primary goal. The world notices this, and large international investors have tried to help change the role Vietnam’s government plays.
With a bigger amount of FDI than ever before and continued reform to its domestic market, Vietnam is targeting sustained growth of between 6.5% and 7% going forward.
Time will tell whether Vietnam will succeed in its long-term economic goals.
We don’t suggest buying property in Vietnam right now due to heavy restrictions on foreign buyers. Vietnam’s stock market has lots of potential, though.
Similarly, because of Vietnam’s rapid economic growth and demographic dividend, it ranks among the top Asian countries for starting a business. This obviously requires an on-the-ground presence.
If you don’t want to fly here to set up a brokerage account, the easiest way to invest in Vietnam is through an ETF.
The most popular exchange-traded funds include Vietnam Enterprise Investments Limited (VEIL) in the UK and VanEck Vietnam ETF (VNM) in the US.
In conclusion, Vietnam isn’t the easiest country to invest at all. We still think its economy will continue its current trend of outperforming most other developing markets in Asia though.
FAQs: Vietnam’s Economy
How Did Vietnam Transition From a Communist to a Capitalist Economy?
Vietnam remains officially a communist country but has embraced capitalist reforms over the last few decades.
The government realized that a state-controlled economy wouldn’t fully capitalize on Southeast Asia’s growth and foreign investment opportunities. By gradually transferring control to private businesses, Vietnam has become a rapidly growing economic powerhouse.
What Makes Vietnam’s Economy One of the Strongest in Asia?
Vietnam’s economy has consistently shown resilience, avoiding recessions for over 30 years. It has maintained steady GDP growth, often between 6.5% and 8%, even during global crises like the Asian Financial Crisis and the US-China Trade War.
The country’s ability to sustain growth is bolstered by strong foreign direct investment (FDI), a growing middle class, along with its role as a rising manufacturing hub.
Is Vietnam Benefiting From Companies Relocating From China?
Yes, Vietnam is a top beneficiary of the ongoing trend of companies moving operations out of China.
Factors such as lower labor costs, reduced bureaucracy, and shared land borders with China make Vietnam an attractive alternative for multinational firms like Nike and Samsung, which have established operations in the country.
What Are the Biggest Risks to Vietnam’s Economy?
One of the main challenges Vietnam faces is the dominance of state-owned enterprises, which are less efficient than private companies. While reforms have been introduced, these businesses still play a significant role in the economy, potentially slowing growth.
Additionally, Vietnam’s reliance on FDI and its limited foreign property ownership laws make it less competitive compared to other Asian markets.
Can Foreigners Invest in Vietnam’s Real Estate Market?
Foreigners can lease land for up to 50 years in Vietnam but cannot own land outright, as all land is state-owned.
However, recent reforms have made real estate investment easier, such as allowing foreigners married to Vietnamese citizens to own freehold property. Further easing of property laws is anticipated in the future.
